We evaluated the diagnostic and clinical usefulness of blood specimens to detect Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in 21 patients from the 2015 outbreak in South Korea. Viral RNA was detected in blood from 33% of patients at initial diagnosis, and the detection preceded a worse clinical course.
Ahead of Print -Viral RNA in Blood as Indicator of Severe Outcome in Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Friday, July 29, 2016
Thursday, July 28, 2016
Ahead of Print -Contact Tracing for Imported Case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, China, 2015 - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Confirmation of an imported case of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in China triggered intensive contact tracing and mandatory monitoring. Using a hotline and surveillance video footage was effective for tracing all 110 identified contacts. Contact monitoring detected no secondary transmission of infection in China.
Ahead of Print -Contact Tracing for Imported Case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, China, 2015 - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Contact Tracing for Imported Case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, China, 2015 - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Multidrug-Resistant Shigella Infections in Patients with Diarrhea, Cambodia, 2014–2015 - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
We observed multidrug resistance in 10 (91%) of 11 Shigella isolates from a diarrheal surveillance study in Cambodia. One isolate was resistant to fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins and showed decreased susceptibility to azithromycin. We found mutations in gyrA, parC, β-lactamase, and mphA genes. Multidrug resistance increases concern about shigellosis treatment options.
Ahead of Print -Multidrug-Resistant Shigella Infections in Patients with Diarrhea, Cambodia, 2014–2015 - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Multidrug-Resistant Shigella Infections in Patients with Diarrhea, Cambodia, 2014–2015 - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Tuesday, July 26, 2016
Ahead of Print -Travel- and Community-Based Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Shigella sonnei Lineage among International Orthodox Jewish Communities - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Shigellae are sensitive indicator species for studying trends in the international transmission of antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Orthodox Jewish communities (OJCs) are a known risk group for shigellosis; Shigella sonnei is cyclically epidemic in OJCs in Israel, and sporadic outbreaks occur in OJCs elsewhere. We generated whole-genome sequences for 437 isolates of S. sonnei from OJCs and non-OJCs collected over 22 years in Europe (the United Kingdom, France, and Belgium), the United States, Canada, and Israel and analyzed these within a known global genomic context. Through phylogenetic and genomic analysis, we showed that strains from outbreaks in OJCs outside of Israel are distinct from strains in the general population and relate to a single multidrug-resistant sublineage of S. sonnei that prevails in Israel. Further Bayesian phylogenetic analysis showed that this strain emerged approximately 30 years ago, demonstrating the speed at which antimicrobial drug–resistant pathogens can spread widely through geographically dispersed, but internationally connected, communities.
Ahead of Print -Travel- and Community-Based Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Shigella sonnei Lineage among International Orthodox Jewish Communities - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Travel- and Community-Based Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Shigella sonnei Lineage among International Orthodox Jewish Communities - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Prediction of Protection against Asian Enterovirus 71 Outbreak Strains by Cross-neutralizing Capacity of Serum from Dutch Donors, The Netherlands - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Outbreaks of human enterovirus 71 (EV-71) in Asia are related to high illness and death rates among children. To gain insight into the potential threat for the population of Europe, we determined the neutralizing activity in intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) batches and individual serum samples from donors in the Netherlands against EV-71 strains isolated in Europe and in Asia. All IVIg batches and 41%, 79%, and 65% of serum samples from children ≤5 years of age, women of childbearing age, and HIV-positive men, respectively, showed high neutralizing activity against a Dutch C1 strain, confirming widespread circulation of EV-71 in the Netherlands. Asian B3–4 and C4 strains were efficiently cross-neutralized, predicting possible protection against extensive circulation and associated outbreaks of those types in Europe. However, C2 and C5 strains that had few mutations in the capsid region consistently escaped neutralization, emphasizing the importance of monitoring antigenic diversity among circulating EV-71 strains.
Ahead of Print -Prediction of Protection against Asian Enterovirus 71 Outbreak Strains by Cross-neutralizing Capacity of Serum from Dutch Donors, The Netherlands - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Prediction of Protection against Asian Enterovirus 71 Outbreak Strains by Cross-neutralizing Capacity of Serum from Dutch Donors, The Netherlands - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Trends in Pneumonia Mortality Rates and Hospitalizations by Organism, United States, 2002–20111 - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Because the epidemiology of pneumonia is changing, we performed an updated, population-based analysis of hospitalization and case-fatality rates for pneumonia patients in the United States. From 2002 to 2011, hospitalization rates decreased significantly for pneumonia caused by pneumococcus and Haemophilus influenzae but increased significantly for Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and influenza virus.
Ahead of Print -Trends in Pneumonia Mortality Rates and Hospitalizations by Organism, United States, 2002–20111 - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Trends in Pneumonia Mortality Rates and Hospitalizations by Organism, United States, 2002–20111 - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Monday, July 25, 2016
Saturday, July 23, 2016
Ahead of Print -African Horse Sickness Caused by Genome Reassortment and Reversion to Virulence of Live, Attenuated Vaccine Viruses, South Africa, 2004–2014 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
African horse sickness (AHS) is a hemorrhagic viral fever of horses. It is the only equine disease for which the World Organization for Animal Health has introduced specific guidelines for member countries seeking official recognition of disease-free status. Since 1997, South Africa has maintained an AHS controlled area; however, sporadic outbreaks of AHS have occurred in this area. We compared the whole genome sequences of 39 AHS viruses (AHSVs) from field AHS cases to determine the source of 3 such outbreaks. Our analysis confirmed that individual outbreaks were caused by virulent revertants of AHSV type 1 live, attenuated vaccine (LAV) and reassortants with genome segments derived from AHSV types 1, 3, and 4 from a LAV used in South Africa. These findings show that despite effective protection of vaccinated horses, polyvalent LAV may, paradoxically, place susceptible horses at risk for AHS.
Ahead of Print -African Horse Sickness Caused by Genome Reassortment and Reversion to Virulence of Live, Attenuated Vaccine Viruses, South Africa, 2004–2014 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -African Horse Sickness Caused by Genome Reassortment and Reversion to Virulence of Live, Attenuated Vaccine Viruses, South Africa, 2004–2014 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Friday, July 22, 2016
Thursday, July 21, 2016
Ahead of Print -Feasibility of Using Convalescent Plasma Immunotherapy for MERS-CoV Infection, Saudi Arabia - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
We explored the feasibility of collecting convalescent plasma for passive immunotherapy of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection by using ELISA to screen serum samples from 443 potential plasma donors: 196 patients with suspected or laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV infection, 230 healthcare workers, and 17 household contacts exposed to MERS-CoV. ELISA-reactive samples were further tested by indirect fluorescent antibody and microneutralization assays. Of the 443 tested samples, 12 (2.7%) had a reactive ELISA result, and 9 of the 12 had reactive indirect fluorescent antibody and microneutralization assay titers. Undertaking clinical trials of convalescent plasma for passive immunotherapy of MERS-CoV infection may be feasible, but such trials would be challenging because of the small pool of potential donors with sufficiently high antibody titers. Alternative strategies to identify convalescent plasma donors with adequate antibody titers should be explored, including the sampling of serum from patients with more severe disease and sampling at earlier points during illness.
Ahead of Print -Feasibility of Using Convalescent Plasma Immunotherapy for MERS-CoV Infection, Saudi Arabia - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Feasibility of Using Convalescent Plasma Immunotherapy for MERS-CoV Infection, Saudi Arabia - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Large-Scale Survey for Tickborne Bacteria, Khammouan Province, Laos - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
We screened 768 tick pools containing 6,962 ticks from Khammouan Province, Laos, by using quantitative real-time PCR and identified Rickettsia spp., Ehrlichia spp., and Borrelia spp. Sequencing of Rickettsia spp.–positive and Borrelia spp.–positive pools provided evidence for distinct genotypes. Our results identified bacterial agents with human disease potential in ticks in Laos.
Ahead of Print -Large-Scale Survey for Tickborne Bacteria, Khammouan Province, Laos - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Large-Scale Survey for Tickborne Bacteria, Khammouan Province, Laos - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Nosocomial Outbreak of Parechovirus 3 Infection among Newborns, Austria, 2014 - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
In 2014, sepsis-like illness affected 9 full-term newborns in 1 hospital in Austria. Although results of initial microbiological testing were negative, electron microscopy identified picornavirus. Archived serum samples and feces obtained after discharge were positive by PCR for human parechovirus 3. This infection should be included in differential diagnoses of sepsis-like illness in newborns.
Ahead of Print -Nosocomial Outbreak of Parechovirus 3 Infection among Newborns, Austria, 2014 - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Nosocomial Outbreak of Parechovirus 3 Infection among Newborns, Austria, 2014 - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Wednesday, July 20, 2016
Saturday, July 16, 2016
Multistate US Outbreak of Rapidly Growing Mycobacterial Infections Associated with Medical Tourism to the Dominican Republic, 2013–20141 - Volume 22, Number 8—August 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
During 2013, the Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene in Baltimore, MD, USA, received report of 2 Maryland residents whose surgical sites were infected with rapidly growing mycobacteria after cosmetic procedures at a clinic (clinic A) in the Dominican Republic. A multistate investigation was initiated; a probable case was defined as a surgical site infection unresponsive to therapy in a patient who had undergone cosmetic surgery in the Dominican Republic. We identified 21 case-patients in 6 states who had surgery in 1 of 5 Dominican Republic clinics; 13 (62%) had surgery at clinic A. Isolates from 12 (92%) of those patients were culture-positive for Mycobacterium abscessus complex. Of 9 clinic A case-patients with available data, all required therapeutic surgical intervention, 8 (92%) were hospitalized, and 7 (78%) required ≥3 months of antibacterial drug therapy. Healthcare providers should consider infection with rapidly growing mycobacteria in patients who have surgical site infections unresponsive to standard treatment.
Multistate US Outbreak of Rapidly Growing Mycobacterial Infections Associated with Medical Tourism to the Dominican Republic, 2013–20141 - Volume 22, Number 8—August 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Multistate US Outbreak of Rapidly Growing Mycobacterial Infections Associated with Medical Tourism to the Dominican Republic, 2013–20141 - Volume 22, Number 8—August 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Enterovirus D68 Infection in Children with Acute Flaccid Myelitis, Colorado, USA, 2014 - Volume 22, Number 8—August 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
During August 8, 2014–October 14, 2014, a total of 11 children with acute flaccid myelitis and distinctive neuroimaging changes were identified near Denver, Colorado, USA. A respiratory prodrome was experienced by 10, and nasopharyngeal specimens were positive for enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) for 4. To determine whether an association exists between EV-D68 infection and acute flaccid myelitis, we conducted a retrospective case–control study comparing these patients with 2 groups of outpatient control children (1 group tested for acute respiratory illness and 1 for Bordetella pertussis infection). Adjusted analyses indicated that, for children with acute flaccid myelitis, the odds of having EV-D68 infection were 10.3 times greater than for those tested for acute respiratory infection and 4.5 times greater than for those tested forB. pertussis infection. No statistical association was seen between acute flaccid myelitis and non–EV-D68 enterovirus or rhinovirus infection. These findings support an association between EV-D68 infection and acute flaccid myelitis.
Enterovirus D68 Infection in Children with Acute Flaccid Myelitis, Colorado, USA, 2014 - Volume 22, Number 8—August 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Enterovirus D68 Infection in Children with Acute Flaccid Myelitis, Colorado, USA, 2014 - Volume 22, Number 8—August 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Possible Role of Fish and Frogs as Paratenic Hosts of Dracunculus medinensis, Chad - Volume 22, Number 8—August 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Copepods infected with Dracunculus medinensis larvae collected from infected dogs in Chad were fed to 2 species of fish and tadpoles. Although they readily ingested copepods, neither species of fish, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) nor fathead minnow (Pimephalis promelas), were found to harbor Dracunculuslarvae when examined 2–3 weeks later. Tadpoles ingested copepods much more slowly; however, upon examination at the same time interval, tadpoles of green frogs (Lithobates [Rana] clamitans) were found to harbor small numbers of Dracunculus larvae. Two ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) were fed fish or tadpoles that had been exposed to infected copepods. Only the ferret fed tadpoles harbored developing Dracunculuslarvae at necropsy 70–80 days postexposure. These observations confirm that D. medinensis, like other species in the genus Dracunculus, can readily survive and remain infective in potential paratenic hosts, especially tadpoles.
Possible Role of Fish and Frogs as Paratenic Hosts of Dracunculus medinensis, Chad - Volume 22, Number 8—August 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Possible Role of Fish and Frogs as Paratenic Hosts of Dracunculus medinensis, Chad - Volume 22, Number 8—August 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Anomalous High Rainfall and Soil Saturation as Combined Risk Indicator of Rift Valley Fever Outbreaks, South Africa, 2008–2011 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Rift Valley fever (RVF), a zoonotic vectorborne viral disease, causes loss of life among humans and livestock and an adverse effect on the economy of affected countries. Vaccination is the most effective way to protect livestock; however, during protracted interepidemic periods, farmers discontinue vaccination, which leads to loss of herd immunity and heavy losses of livestock when subsequent outbreaks occur. Retrospective analysis of the 2008–2011 RVF epidemics in South Africa revealed a pattern of continuous and widespread seasonal rainfall causing substantial soil saturation followed by explicit rainfall events that flooded dambos (seasonally flooded depressions), triggering outbreaks of disease. Incorporation of rainfall and soil saturation data into a prediction model for major outbreaks of RVF resulted in the correctly identified risk in nearly 90% of instances at least 1 month before outbreaks occurred; all indications are that irrigation is of major importance in the remaining 10% of outbreaks.
Ahead of Print -Anomalous High Rainfall and Soil Saturation as Combined Risk Indicator of Rift Valley Fever Outbreaks, South Africa, 2008–2011 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Anomalous High Rainfall and Soil Saturation as Combined Risk Indicator of Rift Valley Fever Outbreaks, South Africa, 2008–2011 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Thursday, July 14, 2016
Ahead of Print -Chagas Disease Screening in Maternal Donors of Publicly Banked Umbilical Cord Blood, United States - Volume 22, Number 8—August 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
To assess patterns of Chagas disease, we reviewed results of screening umbilical cord blood from a US public cord blood bank during 2007–2014. Nineteen maternal donors tested positive for Trypanosoma cruziparasites (0.04%). Because perinatal transmission of Chagas disease is associated with substantial illness, targeted prenatal programs should screen for this disease.
Ahead of Print -Chagas Disease Screening in Maternal Donors of Publicly Banked Umbilical Cord Blood, United States - Volume 22, Number 8—August 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Chagas Disease Screening in Maternal Donors of Publicly Banked Umbilical Cord Blood, United States - Volume 22, Number 8—August 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Tuesday, July 12, 2016
Thursday, July 7, 2016
Ahead of Print -Genetically Different Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Viruses in West Africa, 2015 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
To trace the evolution of highly pathogenic influenza A(H5N1) virus in West Africa, we sequenced genomes of 43 viruses collected during 2015 from poultry and wild birds in 5 countries. We found 2 co-circulating genetic groups within clade 2.3.2.1c. Mutations that may increase adaptation to mammals raise concern over possible risk for humans.
Ahead of Print -Genetically Different Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Viruses in West Africa, 2015 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Genetically Different Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Viruses in West Africa, 2015 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Saturday, July 2, 2016
Ahead of Print -Onchocerca lupi Nematodes in Dogs Exported from the United States into Canada - Volume 22, Number 8—August 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
The Onchocerca lupi nematode is an emerging helminth capable of infecting pets and humans. We detected this parasite in 2 dogs that were imported into Canada from the southwestern United States, a region to which this nematode is endemic. We discuss risk for establishment of O. lupi in Canada.
Ahead of Print -Onchocerca lupi Nematodes in Dogs Exported from the United States into Canada - Volume 22, Number 8—August 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Onchocerca lupi Nematodes in Dogs Exported from the United States into Canada - Volume 22, Number 8—August 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Seroconversions for Coxiella and Rickettsial Pathogens among US Marines Deployed to Afghanistan, 2001–2010 - Volume 22, Number 8—August 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
We assessed serum samples from 1,000 US Marines deployed to Afghanistan during 2001–2010 to find evidence of 4 rickettsial pathogens. Analysis of predeployment and postdeployment samples showed that 3.4% and 0.5% of the Marines seroconverted for the causative agents of Q fever and spotted fever group rickettsiosis, respectively.
Ahead of Print -Seroconversions for Coxiella and Rickettsial Pathogens among US Marines Deployed to Afghanistan, 2001–2010 - Volume 22, Number 8—August 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Seroconversions for Coxiella and Rickettsial Pathogens among US Marines Deployed to Afghanistan, 2001–2010 - Volume 22, Number 8—August 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
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