Friday, April 29, 2016
Thursday, April 28, 2016
Wednesday, April 27, 2016
Ahead of Print -Probable Rabies Virus Transmission through Organ Transplantation, China, 2015 - Volume 22, Number 8—August 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
During July 2015, physicians at a hospital in Beijing, China, diagnosed rabies in 2 patients who had each received a kidney from a common organ donor who had died from acute progressive encephalitis of unknown cause. The patients had rabies incubation periods of 42 and 48 days. Altered mental status developed in both patients and progressively worsened to deep coma within 80 days after transplantation; both patients died. Two other transplant recipients received corneas but remained well after receiving timely rabies prophylaxis. An effective regulatory system for testing donors should be implemented to decrease the occurrence of donor-derived infectious diseases. In addition, health education should be improved to enhance public awareness of transplant-associated infectious diseases. Transplant recipients and other persons with exposure to organs or tissues from donors with rabies must be provided consistent health monitoring and follow-up, including rabies postexposure prophylaxis; any remaining organs and tissues must be quarantined and not transplanted.
Ahead of Print -Probable Rabies Virus Transmission through Organ Transplantation, China, 2015 - Volume 22, Number 8—August 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Probable Rabies Virus Transmission through Organ Transplantation, China, 2015 - Volume 22, Number 8—August 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Antibody Response and Disease Severity in Healthcare Worker MERS Survivors - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
We studied antibody response in 9 healthcare workers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, who survived Middle East respiratory syndrome, by using serial ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence assay testing. Among patients who had experienced severe pneumonia, antibody was detected for >18 months after infection. Antibody longevity was more variable in patients who had experienced milder disease.
Ahead of Print -Antibody Response and Disease Severity in Healthcare Worker MERS Survivors - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Antibody Response and Disease Severity in Healthcare Worker MERS Survivors - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Shigella Antimicrobial Drug Resistance Mechanisms, 2004–2014 - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
To determine antimicrobial drug resistance mechanisms of Shigella spp., we analyzed 344 isolates collected in Switzerland during 2004–2014. Overall, 78.5% of isolates were multidrug resistant; 10.5% were ciprofloxacin resistant; and 2% harbored mph(A), a plasmid-mediated gene that confers reduced susceptibility to azithromycin, a last-resort antimicrobial agent for shigellosis.
Ahead of Print -Shigella Antimicrobial Drug Resistance Mechanisms, 2004–2014 - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Shigella Antimicrobial Drug Resistance Mechanisms, 2004–2014 - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Tuesday, April 26, 2016
Ahead of Print -High MICs for Vancomycin and Daptomycin and Complicated Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections with Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
We investigated the prognostic role of high MICs for antistaphylococcal agents in patients with methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus catheter-related bloodstream infection (MSSA CRBSI). We prospectively reviewed 83 episodes from 5 centers in Spain during April 2011–June 2014 that had optimized clinical management and analyzed the relationship between E-test MICs for vancomycin, daptomycin, oxacillin, and linezolid and development of complicated bacteremia by using multivariate analysis. Complicated MSSA CRBSI occurred in 26 (31.3%) patients; MICs for vancomycin and daptomycin were higher in these patients (optimal cutoff values for predictive accuracy = 1.5 μg/mL and 0.5 μg/mL). High MICs for vancomycin (hazard ratio 2.4, 95% CI 1.2–5.5) and daptomycin (hazard ratio 2.4, 95% CI 1.1–5.9) were independent risk factors for development of complicated MSSA CRBSI. Our data suggest that patients with MSSA CRBSI caused by strains that have high MICs for vancomycin or daptomycin are at increased risk for complications.
Ahead of Print -High MICs for Vancomycin and Daptomycin and Complicated Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections with Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -High MICs for Vancomycin and Daptomycin and Complicated Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections with Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Rapid Detection of Polymyxin Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
For identification of polymyxin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae, we developed a rapid test that detects glucose metabolization associated with bacterial growth in the presence of a defined concentration of colistin or polymyxin B. Formation of acid metabolites is evidenced by a color change (orange to yellow) of a pH indicator (red phenol). To evaluate the test, we used bacterial colonies of 135 isolates expressing various mechanisms of colistin resistance (intrinsic, chromosomally encoded, and plasmid-mediated MCR-1) and 65 colistin-susceptible isolates. Sensitivity and specificity were 99.3% and 95.4%, respectively, compared with the standard broth microdilution method. This new test is inexpensive, easy to perform, sensitive, specific, and can be completed in <2 hours. It could be useful in countries facing endemic spread of carbapenemase producers and for which polymyxins are last-resort drugs.
Ahead of Print -Rapid Detection of Polymyxin Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Rapid Detection of Polymyxin Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Post-Ebola Measles Outbreak in Lola, Guinea, January–June 20151 - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
During public health crises such as the recent outbreaks of Ebola virus disease in West Africa, breakdowns in public health systems can lead to epidemics of vaccine-preventable diseases. We report here on an outbreak of measles in the prefecture of Lola, Guinea, which started in January 2015.
Ahead of Print -Post-Ebola Measles Outbreak in Lola, Guinea, January–June 20151 - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Post-Ebola Measles Outbreak in Lola, Guinea, January–June 20151 - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Human Adenovirus Associated with Severe Respiratory Infection, Oregon, USA, 2013–2014 - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Several human adenoviruses (HAdVs) can cause respiratory infections, some severe. HAdV-B7, which can cause severe respiratory disease, has not been recently reported in the United States but is reemerging in Asia. During October 2013–July 2014, Oregon health authorities identified 198 persons with respiratory symptoms and an HAdV-positive respiratory tract specimen. Among 136 (69%) hospitalized persons, 31% were admitted to the intensive care unit and 18% required mechanical ventilation; 5 patients died. Molecular typing of 109 specimens showed that most (59%) were HAdV-B7, followed by HAdVs-C1, -C2, -C5 (26%); HAdVs-B3, -B21 (15%); and HAdV-E4 (1%). Molecular analysis of 7 HAdV-B7 isolates identified the virus as genome type d, a strain previously identified only among strains circulating in Asia. Patients with HAdV-B7 were significantly more likely than those without HAdV-B7 to be adults and to have longer hospital stays. HAdV-B7 might be reemerging in the United States, and clinicians should consider HAdV in persons with severe respiratory infection.
Ahead of Print -Human Adenovirus Associated with Severe Respiratory Infection, Oregon, USA, 2013–2014 - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Human Adenovirus Associated with Severe Respiratory Infection, Oregon, USA, 2013–2014 - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Possible Case of Novel Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiosis in Traveler Returning to Japan from India - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
A 60-year-old woman experienced fever, headache, rash, and altered vision after returning to Japan from India. Testing detected elevated antibody titers to spotted fever group rickettsia; PCR on blood yielded positive results for the rickettsial outer membrane protein A gene. We isolated a unique rickettsial agent and performed a full-genome analysis.
Ahead of Print -Possible Case of Novel Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiosis in Traveler Returning to Japan from India - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Possible Case of Novel Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiosis in Traveler Returning to Japan from India - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Single-Reaction Multiplex Reverse Transcription PCR for Detection of Zika, Chikungunya, and Dengue Viruses - Volume 22, Number 7—July 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Clinical manifestations of Zika virus, chikungunya virus, and dengue virus infections can be similar. To improve virus detection, streamline molecular workflow, and decrease test costs, we developed and evaluated a multiplex real-time reverse transcription PCR for these viruses.
Ahead of Print -Single-Reaction Multiplex Reverse Transcription PCR for Detection of Zika, Chikungunya, and Dengue Viruses - Volume 22, Number 7—July 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Single-Reaction Multiplex Reverse Transcription PCR for Detection of Zika, Chikungunya, and Dengue Viruses - Volume 22, Number 7—July 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Whole-Genome Analysis of Cryptococcus gattii, Southeastern United States - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Cryptococcus gattii is a recognized pathogenic fungus along the Pacific coast of the United States from California to Washington. Here we report that C. gattii may also be endemic to the southeastern United States and has probably been present there longer than in the Pacific Northwest.
Ahead of Print -Whole-Genome Analysis of Cryptococcus gattii, Southeastern United States - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Whole-Genome Analysis of Cryptococcus gattii, Southeastern United States - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Prevalence of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease, Germany, 2009–2014 - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
We analyized routine statutory health insurance claim data to determine prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease in Germany. Documented prevalence rates of this nonnotifiable disease increased from 2.3 to 3.3 cases/100,000 population from 2009 to 2014. Prevalence showed a strong association with advanced age and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Ahead of Print -Prevalence of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease, Germany, 2009–2014 - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Prevalence of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease, Germany, 2009–2014 - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Population-Level Effect of Cholera Vaccine on Displaced Populations, South Sudan, 2014 - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Following mass population displacements in South Sudan, preventive cholera vaccination campaigns were conducted in displaced persons camps before a 2014 cholera outbreak. We compare cholera transmission in vaccinated and unvaccinated areas and show vaccination likely halted transmission within vaccinated areas, illustrating the potential for oral cholera vaccine to stop cholera transmission in vulnerable populations.
Ahead of Print -Population-Level Effect of Cholera Vaccine on Displaced Populations, South Sudan, 2014 - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Population-Level Effect of Cholera Vaccine on Displaced Populations, South Sudan, 2014 - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Use of Population Genetics to Assess the Ecology, Evolution, and Population Structure of Coccidioides, Arizona, USA - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
During the past 20 years, a general picture of the genetic diversity and population structure of Coccidioides, the causal agent of coccidioidomycosis (Valley fever), has emerged. The genus consists of 2 genetically diverse species, C. immitis and C. posadasii, each of which contains 1 or more distinct populations with limited gene flow. Genotypic data indicate that C. immitis is divided into 2 subpopulations (central and southern California populations) and C. posadasii is divided into 3 subpopulations (Arizona, Mexico, and Texas/South America populations). However, admixture within and among these populations and the current paucity of environmental isolates limit our understanding of the population genetics ofCoccidioides. We assessed population structure of Coccidioides in Arizona by analyzing 495 clinical and environmental isolates. Our findings confirm the population structure as previously described and indicate a finer scale population structure in Arizona. Environmental isolates appear to have higher genetic diversity than isolates from human patients.
Ahead of Print -Use of Population Genetics to Assess the Ecology, Evolution, and Population Structure of Coccidioides, Arizona, USA - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Use of Population Genetics to Assess the Ecology, Evolution, and Population Structure of Coccidioides, Arizona, USA - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Prospective Validation of Cessation of Contact Precautions for Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase–Producing Escherichia coli1 - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
After contact precautions were discontinued, we determined nosocomial transmission of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)–producing Escherichia coli by screening hospital patients who shared rooms with ESBL-producing E. coli–infected or –colonized patients. Transmission rates were 2.6% and 8.8% at an acute-care and a geriatric/rehabilitation hospital, respectively. Prolonged contact was associated with increased transmission.
Ahead of Print -Prospective Validation of Cessation of Contact Precautions for Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase–Producing Escherichia coli1 - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Prospective Validation of Cessation of Contact Precautions for Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase–Producing Escherichia coli1 - Volume 22, Number 6—June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Thursday, April 21, 2016
Monday, April 18, 2016
Outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome at Tertiary Care Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 2014 - Volume 22, Number 5—May 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
During March–May 2014, a Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak occurred in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, that included many persons who worked or received medical treatment at King Fahd General Hospital. We investigated 78 persons who had laboratory-confirmed MERS during March 2–May 10 and documented contact at this hospital. The 78 persons with MERS comprised 53 patients, 16 healthcare workers, and 9 visitors. Among the 53 patients, the most probable sites of acquisition were the emergency department (22 patients), inpatient areas (17), dialysis unit (11), and outpatient areas (3). Infection control deficiencies included limited separation of suspected MERS patients, patient crowding, and inconsistent use of infection control precautions; aggressive improvements in these deficiencies preceded a decline in cases. MERS coronavirus transmission probably was multifocal, occurring in multiple hospital settings. Continued vigilance and strict application of infection control precautions are necessary to prevent future MERS outbreaks.
Outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome at Tertiary Care Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 2014 - Volume 22, Number 5—May 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome at Tertiary Care Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 2014 - Volume 22, Number 5—May 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Linkage to Care for Suburban Heroin Users with Hepatitis C Virus Infection, New Jersey, USA - Volume 22, Number 5—May 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
We identified a 41.4% prevalence of hepatitis C virus, absence of HIV, and unexpectedly high frequency of hepatitis C virus genotype 3 among suburban New Jersey heroin users 17–35 years of age during 2014–2015. Despite 2 clinicians prepared to engage these users, few were successfully linked to care and treated.
Linkage to Care for Suburban Heroin Users with Hepatitis C Virus Infection, New Jersey, USA - Volume 22, Number 5—May 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Linkage to Care for Suburban Heroin Users with Hepatitis C Virus Infection, New Jersey, USA - Volume 22, Number 5—May 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
An Operational Framework for Insecticide Resistance Management Planning - Volume 22, Number 5—May 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Arthropod vectors transmit organisms that cause many emerging and reemerging diseases, and their control is reliant mainly on the use of chemical insecticides. Only a few classes of insecticides are available for public health use, and the increased spread of insecticide resistance is a major threat to sustainable disease control. The primary strategy for mitigating the detrimental effects of insecticide resistance is the development of an insecticide resistance management plan. However, few examples exist to show how to implement such plans programmatically. We describe the formulation and implementation of a resistance management plan for mosquito vectors of human disease in Zambia. We also discuss challenges, steps taken to address the challenges, and directions for the future.
An Operational Framework for Insecticide Resistance Management Planning - Volume 22, Number 5—May 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
An Operational Framework for Insecticide Resistance Management Planning - Volume 22, Number 5—May 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Thursday, April 14, 2016
Ahead of Print -High Incidence of Chikungunya Virus and Frequency of Viremic Blood Donations during Epidemic, Puerto Rico, USA, 2014 - Volume 22, Number 7—July 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) caused large epidemics throughout the Caribbean in 2014. We conducted nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) for CHIKV RNA (n = 29,695) and serologic testing for IgG against CHIKV (n = 1,232) in archived blood donor samples collected during and after an epidemic in Puerto Rico in 2014. NAAT yields peaked in October with 2.1% of donations positive for CHIKV RNA. A total of 14% of NAAT-reactive donations posed a high risk for virus transmission by transfusion because of high virus RNA copy numbers (104–109 RNA copies/mL) and a lack of specific IgM and IgG responses. Testing of minipools of 16 donations would not have detected 62.5% of RNA-positive donations detectable by individual donor testing, including individual donations without IgM and IgG. Serosurveys before and after the epidemic demonstrated that nearly 25% of blood donors in Puerto Rico acquired CHIKV infections and seroconverted during the epidemic.
Ahead of Print -High Incidence of Chikungunya Virus and Frequency of Viremic Blood Donations during Epidemic, Puerto Rico, USA, 2014 - Volume 22, Number 7—July 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -High Incidence of Chikungunya Virus and Frequency of Viremic Blood Donations during Epidemic, Puerto Rico, USA, 2014 - Volume 22, Number 7—July 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -A Literature Review of Zika Virus - Volume 22, Number 7—July 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Zika virus is a mosquitoborne flavivirus that is the focus of an ongoing pandemic and public health emergency. Previously limited to sporadic cases in Africa and Asia, the emergence of Zika virus in Brazil in 2015 heralded rapid spread throughout the Americas. Although most Zika virus infections are characterized by subclinical or mild influenza-like illness, severe manifestations have been described, including Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults and microcephaly in babies born to infected mothers. Neither an effective treatment nor a vaccine is available for Zika virus; therefore, the public health response primarily focuses on preventing infection, particularly in pregnant women. Despite growing knowledge about this virus, questions remain regarding the virus’s vectors and reservoirs, pathogenesis, genetic diversity, and potential synergistic effects of co-infection with other circulating viruses. These questions highlight the need for research to optimize surveillance, patient management, and public health intervention in the current Zika virus epidemic.
Ahead of Print -A Literature Review of Zika Virus - Volume 22, Number 7—July 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -A Literature Review of Zika Virus - Volume 22, Number 7—July 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Wednesday, April 13, 2016
Ahead of Print -Expansion of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli by Use of Bovine Antibiotic Growth Promoters - Volume 22, Number 5—May 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Antibiotics are routinely used in food-producing animals to promote growth and prevent infectious diseases. We investigated the effects of bovine antibiotic growth promoters (bAGPs) on the propagation and spread of Shiga toxin (Stx)–encoding phages in Escherichia coli. Co-culture of E. coli O157:H7 and other E. coliisolated from cattle in the presence of sublethal concentrations of bAGPs significantly increased the emergence of non-O157, Stx-producing E. coli by triggering the SOS response system in E. coli O157:H7. The most substantial mediation of Stx phage transmission was induced by oxytetracyline and chlortetracycline, which are commonly used in agriculture. bAGPs may therefore contribute to the expansion of pathogenic Stx-producing E. coli.
Ahead of Print -Expansion of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli by Use of Bovine Antibiotic Growth Promoters - Volume 22, Number 5—May 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Expansion of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli by Use of Bovine Antibiotic Growth Promoters - Volume 22, Number 5—May 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Tuesday, April 12, 2016
Ahead of Print -Effective Chemical Inactivation of Ebola Virus - Volume 22, Number 7—July 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Reliable inactivation of specimens before removal from high-level biocontainment is crucial for safe operation. To evaluate efficacy of methods of chemical inactivation, we compared in vitro and in vivo approaches using Ebola virus as a surrogate pathogen. Consequently, we have established parameters and protocols leading to reliable and effective inactivation.
Ahead of Print -Effective Chemical Inactivation of Ebola Virus - Volume 22, Number 7—July 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Effective Chemical Inactivation of Ebola Virus - Volume 22, Number 7—July 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
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