Little is known about the presence of human pathogenic Puumala virus (PUUV) in Lithuania. We detected this virus in bank voles (Myodes glareolus) in a region of this country in which previously PUUV-seropositive humans were identified. Our results are consistent with heterogeneous distributions of PUUV in other countries in Europe.
Ahead of Print -Puumala Virus in Bank Voles, Lithuania - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Tuesday, December 6, 2016
Ahead of Print -Hepatitis E Virus in Wild Boars and Spillover Infection in Red and Roe Deer, Germany, 2013–2015 - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
To determine animal hepatitis E virus (HEV) reservoirs, we analyzed serologic and molecular markers of HEV infection among wild animals in Germany. We detected HEV genotype 3 strains in inner organs and muscle tissues of a high percentage of wild boars and a lower percentage of deer, indicating a risk for foodborne infection of humans.
Ahead of Print -Hepatitis E Virus in Wild Boars and Spillover Infection in Red and Roe Deer, Germany, 2013–2015 - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Hepatitis E Virus in Wild Boars and Spillover Infection in Red and Roe Deer, Germany, 2013–2015 - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -A Framework for Modeling Emerging Diseases to Inform Management - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
The rapid emergence and reemergence of zoonotic diseases requires the ability to rapidly evaluate and implement optimal management decisions. Actions to control or mitigate the effects of emerging pathogens are commonly delayed because of uncertainty in the estimates and the predicted outcomes of the control tactics. The development of models that describe the best-known information regarding the disease system at the early stages of disease emergence is an essential step for optimal decision-making. Models can predict the potential effects of the pathogen, provide guidance for assessing the likelihood of success of different proposed management actions, quantify the uncertainty surrounding the choice of the optimal decision, and highlight critical areas for immediate research. We demonstrate how to develop models that can be used as a part of a decision-making framework to determine the likelihood of success of different management actions given current knowledge.
Ahead of Print -A Framework for Modeling Emerging Diseases to Inform Management - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -A Framework for Modeling Emerging Diseases to Inform Management - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Invasive Infections with Multidrug-Resistant Yeast Candida auris, Colombia - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungus that causes a wide range of symptoms. We report finding 17 cases of C. auris infection that were originally misclassified but correctly identified 27.5 days later on average. Patients with a delayed diagnosis of C. auris had a 30-day mortality rate of 35.2%.
Ahead of Print -Invasive Infections with Multidrug-Resistant Yeast Candida auris, Colombia - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Invasive Infections with Multidrug-Resistant Yeast Candida auris, Colombia - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Friday, December 2, 2016
Ahead of Print -Oral Cholera Vaccine Coverage during an Outbreak and Humanitarian Crisis, Iraq, 2015 - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
During November–December 2015, as part of the 2015 cholera outbreak response in Iraq, the Iraqi Ministry of Health targeted ≈255,000 displaced persons >1 year of age with 2 doses of oral cholera vaccine (OCV). All persons who received vaccines were living in selected refugee camps, internally displaced persons camps, and collective centers. We conducted a multistage cluster survey to obtain OCV coverage estimates in 10 governorates that were targeted during the campaign. In total, 1,226 household and 5,007 individual interviews were conducted. Overall, 2-dose OCV coverage in the targeted camps was 87% (95% CI 85%–89%). Two-dose OCV coverage in the 3 northern governorates (91%; 95% CI 87%–94%) was higher than that in the 7 southern and central governorates (80%; 95% CI 77%–82%). The experience in Iraq demonstrates that OCV campaigns can be successfully implemented as part of a comprehensive response to cholera outbreaks among high-risk populations in conflict settings.
Ahead of Print -Oral Cholera Vaccine Coverage during an Outbreak and Humanitarian Crisis, Iraq, 2015 - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Oral Cholera Vaccine Coverage during an Outbreak and Humanitarian Crisis, Iraq, 2015 - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Host-Associated Absence of Human Puumala Virus Infections in Northern and Eastern Germany - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Human hantavirus disease cases, caused by Puumala virus (PUUV), are mainly recorded in western and southern areas of Germany. This bank vole reservoir survey confirmed PUUV presence in these regions but its absence in northern and eastern regions. PUUV occurrence is associated with the presence of the Western bank vole phylogroup.
Ahead of Print -Host-Associated Absence of Human Puumala Virus Infections in Northern and Eastern Germany - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Host-Associated Absence of Human Puumala Virus Infections in Northern and Eastern Germany - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Dolphin Morbillivirus Associated with a Mass Stranding of Sperm Whales, Italy - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
In September 2014, seven sperm whales were stranded along Italy’s Adriatic coastline. Postmortem investigations on 3 female adult whales and 1 male fetus carried by the largest female revealed molecular and immunohistochemical evidence of dolphin morbillivirus infection. A possible role of the virus in the stranding event was considered.
Ahead of Print -Dolphin Morbillivirus Associated with a Mass Stranding of Sperm Whales, Italy - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Dolphin Morbillivirus Associated with a Mass Stranding of Sperm Whales, Italy - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Wednesday, November 30, 2016
Saturday, November 26, 2016
Ahead of Print -Zika Virus Knowledge among Pregnant Women Who Were in Areas with Active Transmission - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
We surveyed women in New York, New York, USA, who were in areas with active Zika virus transmission while pregnant. Of 99 women who were US residents, 30 were unaware of the government travel advisory to areas with active Zika virus transmission while pregnant, and 37 were unaware of their pregnancies during travel.
Ahead of Print -Zika Virus Knowledge among Pregnant Women Who Were in Areas with Active Transmission - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Zika Virus Knowledge among Pregnant Women Who Were in Areas with Active Transmission - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Wednesday, November 2, 2016
KDHE investigating E-coli breakout at Louisburg Cider Mill's Ciderfest event
KDHE investigating E-coli breakout at Louisburg Cider Mill's Ciderfest event: The Kansas Department of Health and Environment is investigating an e-coli breakout at the Louisburg Cider Mill Ciderfest.
Tuesday, November 1, 2016
Ahead of Print -Cost-effectiveness of Increasing Access to Contraception during the Zika Virus Outbreak, Puerto Rico, 2016 - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
We modeled the potential cost-effectiveness of increasing access to contraception in Puerto Rico during a Zika virus outbreak. The intervention is projected to cost an additional $33.5 million in family planning services and is likely to be cost-saving for the healthcare system overall. It could reduce Zika virus–related costs by $65.2 million ($2.8 million from less Zika virus testing and monitoring and $62.3 million from avoided costs of Zika virus–associated microcephaly [ZAM]). The estimates are influenced by the contraception methods used, the frequency of ZAM, and the lifetime incremental cost of ZAM. Accounting for unwanted pregnancies that are prevented, irrespective of Zika virus infection, an additional $40.4 million in medical costs would be avoided through the intervention. Increasing contraceptive access for women who want to delay or avoid pregnancy in Puerto Rico during a Zika virus outbreak can substantially reduce the number of cases of ZAM and healthcare costs.
Ahead of Print -Cost-effectiveness of Increasing Access to Contraception during the Zika Virus Outbreak, Puerto Rico, 2016 - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Cost-effectiveness of Increasing Access to Contraception during the Zika Virus Outbreak, Puerto Rico, 2016 - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Monday, October 31, 2016
Ahead of Print -Human Infection with Novel Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia Genotype, China, 2015 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Only 4 species of spotted fever group rickettsiae have been detected in humans in China. However, phylogenetic analysis of samples from 5 ill patients in China indicated infection with a novel spotted fever group Rickettsia, designated Rickettsia sp. XY99. Clinical signs resembled those of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome.
Ahead of Print -Human Infection with Novel Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia Genotype, China, 2015 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Human Infection with Novel Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia Genotype, China, 2015 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Cutaneous Granulomas in Dolphins Caused by Novel Uncultivated Paracoccidioides brasiliensis - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Cutaneous granulomas in dolphins were believed to be caused by Lacazia loboi, which also causes a similar disease in humans. This hypothesis was recently challenged by reports that fungal DNA sequences from dolphins grouped this pathogen with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. We conducted phylogenetic analysis of fungi from 6 bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) with cutaneous granulomas and chains of yeast cells in infected tissues. Kex gene sequences of P. brasiliensis from dolphins showed 100% homology with sequences from cultivated P. brasiliensis, 73% with those of L. loboi, and 93% with those of P. lutzii.Parsimony analysis placed DNA sequences from dolphins within a cluster with human P. brasiliensis strains. This cluster was the sister taxon to P. lutzii and L. loboi. Our molecular data support previous findings and suggest that a novel uncultivated strain of P. brasiliensis restricted to cutaneous lesions in dolphins is probably the cause of lacaziosis/lobomycosis, herein referred to as paracoccidioidomycosis ceti.
Ahead of Print -Cutaneous Granulomas in Dolphins Caused by Novel Uncultivated Paracoccidioides brasiliensis - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Cutaneous Granulomas in Dolphins Caused by Novel Uncultivated Paracoccidioides brasiliensis - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Detection and Genotyping of Coxiella burnetii in Pigs, South Korea, 2014–2015 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
We assessed Coxiella burnetii prevalence and genotypes in pigs in South Korea during 2014–2015. Prevalence was low among 1,030 samples tested by ELISA and immunofluorescent assay and 1,124 samples tested by PCR. Despite this finding, possible transmission of C. burnetii from pigs to humans cannot be excluded.
Ahead of Print -Detection and Genotyping of Coxiella burnetii in Pigs, South Korea, 2014–2015 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Detection and Genotyping of Coxiella burnetii in Pigs, South Korea, 2014–2015 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Sunday, October 30, 2016
Ahead of Print -Unusual Ebola Virus Chain of Transmission, Conakry, Guinea, 2014–2015 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
In October 2015, a new case of Ebola virus disease in Guinea was detected. Case investigation, serology, and whole-genome sequencing indicated possible transmission of the virus from an Ebola virus disease survivor to another person and then to the case-patient reported here. This transmission chain over 11 months suggests slow Ebola virus evolution.
Ahead of Print -Unusual Ebola Virus Chain of Transmission, Conakry, Guinea, 2014–2015 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Unusual Ebola Virus Chain of Transmission, Conakry, Guinea, 2014–2015 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Saturday, October 29, 2016
Ahead of Print -Tuberculosis-Associated Death among Adult Wild Boars, Spain, 2009–2014 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
We investigated adult Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) survival and death in 2 tuberculosis-endemic populations with different harvest pressure in Spain. Overall, tuberculosis accounted for 30% of total deaths. Increased survival in protected areas has direct implications for wild boar management and tuberculosis control.
Ahead of Print -Tuberculosis-Associated Death among Adult Wild Boars, Spain, 2009–2014 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Tuberculosis-Associated Death among Adult Wild Boars, Spain, 2009–2014 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Highly Divergent Dengue Virus Type 2 in Traveler Returning from Borneo to Australia - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Dengue virus type 2 was isolated from a tourist who returned from Borneo to Australia. Phylogenetic analysis identified this virus as highly divergent and occupying a basal phylogenetic position relative to all known human and sylvatic dengue virus type 2 strains and the most divergent lineage not assigned to a new serotype.
Ahead of Print -Highly Divergent Dengue Virus Type 2 in Traveler Returning from Borneo to Australia - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Highly Divergent Dengue Virus Type 2 in Traveler Returning from Borneo to Australia - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Reemergence of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus, California, 2015 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
St. Louis encephalitis virus infection was detected in summer 2015 in southern California after a 12-year absence, concomitant with an Arizona outbreak. Sequence comparisons showed close identity of California and Arizona isolates and a relationship with 2005 Argentine isolates, suggesting virus introduction from South America and underscoring the value of continued arbovirus surveillance.
Ahead of Print -Reemergence of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus, California, 2015 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Reemergence of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus, California, 2015 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Digital PCR for Quantifying Norovirus in Oysters Implicated in Outbreaks, France - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Using samples from oysters clearly implicated in human disease, we quantified norovirus levels by using digital PCR. Concentrations varied from 43 to 1,170 RNA copies/oyster. The analysis of frozen samples from the production area showed the presence of norovirus 2 weeks before consumption.
Ahead of Print -Digital PCR for Quantifying Norovirus in Oysters Implicated in Outbreaks, France - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Digital PCR for Quantifying Norovirus in Oysters Implicated in Outbreaks, France - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Thursday, October 27, 2016
Ahead of Print -Detection of Vaccinia Virus in Dairy Cattle Serum Samples from 2009, Uruguay - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
We detected orthopoxvirus in 28 of 125 serum samples collected during 2009 from cattle in Uruguay. Two samples were PCR-positive for vaccinia virus and had sequences similar to those for vaccinia virus associated with outbreaks in Brazil. Autochthonous circulation of vaccinia virus in Uruguay and other South American countries cannot be ruled out.
Ahead of Print -Detection of Vaccinia Virus in Dairy Cattle Serum Samples from 2009, Uruguay - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Detection of Vaccinia Virus in Dairy Cattle Serum Samples from 2009, Uruguay - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Effect of Live Poultry Market Interventions on Influenza A(H7N9) Virus, Guangdong, China - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Since March 2013, three waves of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus have been detected in China. To investigate virus transmission within and across epidemic waves, we used surveillance data and whole-genome analysis of viruses sampled in Guangdong during 2013–2015. We observed a geographic shift of human A(H7N9) infections from the second to the third waves. Live poultry market interventions were undertaken in epicenter cities; however, spatial phylogenetic analysis indicated that the third-wave outbreaks in central Guangdong most likely resulted from local virus persistence rather than introduction from elsewhere. Although the number of clinical cases in humans declined by 35% from the second to the third waves, the genetic diversity of third-wave viruses in Guangdong increased. Our results highlight the epidemic risk to a region reporting comparatively few A(H7N9) cases. Moreover, our results suggest that live-poultry market interventions cannot completely halt A(H7N9) virus persistence and dissemination.
Ahead of Print -Effect of Live Poultry Market Interventions on Influenza A(H7N9) Virus, Guangdong, China - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Effect of Live Poultry Market Interventions on Influenza A(H7N9) Virus, Guangdong, China - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Baylisascaris procyonis Roundworm Seroprevalence among Wildlife Rehabilitators, United States and Canada, 2012–2015 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Baylisascaris procyonis roundworms can cause potentially fatal neural larva migrans in many species, including humans. However, the clinical spectrum of baylisascariasis is not completely understood. We tested 347 asymptomatic adult wildlife rehabilitators for B. procyonis antibodies; 24 were positive, suggesting that subclinical baylisascariasis is occurring among this population.
Ahead of Print -Baylisascaris procyonis Roundworm Seroprevalence among Wildlife Rehabilitators, United States and Canada, 2012–2015 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Baylisascaris procyonis Roundworm Seroprevalence among Wildlife Rehabilitators, United States and Canada, 2012–2015 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Assessing the Epidemic Potential of RNA and DNA Viruses - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Many new and emerging RNA and DNA viruses are zoonotic or have zoonotic origins in an animal reservoir that is usually mammalian and sometimes avian. Not all zoonotic viruses are transmissible (directly or by an arthropod vector) between human hosts. Virus genome sequence data provide the best evidence of transmission. Of human transmissible virus, 37 species have so far been restricted to self-limiting outbreaks. These viruses are priorities for surveillance because relatively minor changes in their epidemiologies can potentially lead to major changes in the threat they pose to public health. On the basis of comparisons across all recognized human viruses, we consider the characteristics of these priority viruses and assess the likelihood that they will further emerge in human populations. We also assess the likelihood that a virus that can infect humans but is not capable of transmission (directly or by a vector) between human hosts can acquire that capability.
Ahead of Print -Assessing the Epidemic Potential of RNA and DNA Viruses - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Assessing the Epidemic Potential of RNA and DNA Viruses - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Horizontal Transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease in Reindeer - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
We challenged reindeer by the intracranial route with the agent of chronic wasting disease sourced from white-tailed deer, mule deer, or elk and tested for horizontal transmission to naive reindeer. Reindeer were susceptible to chronic wasting disease regardless of source species. Horizontal transmission occurred through direct contact or indirectly through the environment.
Ahead of Print -Horizontal Transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease in Reindeer - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Horizontal Transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease in Reindeer - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Evaluating Healthcare Claims for Neurocysticercosis by Using All-Payer All-Claims Data, Oregon, 2010–2013 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
To characterize the frequency of neurocysticercosis, associated diagnostic codes, and place of infection, we searched Oregon’s All Payer All-Claims dataset for 2010–2013. Twice as many cases were found by searching inpatient and outpatient data than by inpatient data alone. Studies relying exclusively on inpatient data underestimate frequency and miss less severe disease.
Ahead of Print -Evaluating Healthcare Claims for Neurocysticercosis by Using All-Payer All-Claims Data, Oregon, 2010–2013 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Evaluating Healthcare Claims for Neurocysticercosis by Using All-Payer All-Claims Data, Oregon, 2010–2013 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Rift Valley Fever Outbreak in Livestock, Mozambique, 2014 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
In early 2014, abortions and death of ruminants were reported on farms in Maputo and Gaza Provinces, Mozambique. Serologic analysis and quantitative and conventional reverse transcription PCR confirmed the presence of Rift Valley fever virus. The viruses belonged to lineage C, which is prevalent among Rift Valley fever viruses in southern Africa.
Ahead of Print -Rift Valley Fever Outbreak in Livestock, Mozambique, 2014 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Rift Valley Fever Outbreak in Livestock, Mozambique, 2014 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Streptococcus agalactiae Serotype IV in Humans and Cattle, Northern Europe - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Streptococcus agalactiae is an emerging pathogen of nonpregnant human adults worldwide and a reemerging pathogen of dairy cattle in parts of Europe. To learn more about interspecies transmission of this bacterium, we compared contemporaneously collected isolates from humans and cattle in Finland and Sweden. Multilocus sequence typing identified 5 sequence types (STs) (ST1, 8, 12, 23, and 196) shared across the 2 host species, suggesting possible interspecies transmission. More than 54% of the isolates belonged to those STs. Molecular serotyping and pilus island typing of those isolates did not differentiate between populations isolated from different host species. Isolates from humans and cattle differed in lactose fermentation, which is encoded on the accessory genome and represents an adaptation to the bovine mammary gland. Serotype IV-ST196 isolates were obtained from multiple dairy herds in both countries. Cattle may constitute a previously unknown reservoir of this strain.
Ahead of Print -Streptococcus agalactiae Serotype IV in Humans and Cattle, Northern Europe - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Streptococcus agalactiae Serotype IV in Humans and Cattle, Northern Europe - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Tuesday, October 25, 2016
Ahead of Print -Guillain-BarrĂ© Syndrome and Healthcare Needs during Zika Virus Transmission, Puerto Rico, 2016 - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
To assist with public health preparedness activities, we estimated the number of expected cases of Zika virus in Puerto Rico and associated healthcare needs. Estimated annual incidence is 3.2–5.1 times the baseline, and long-term care needs are predicted to be 3–5 times greater than in years with no Zika virus.
Ahead of Print -Guillain-BarrĂ© Syndrome and Healthcare Needs during Zika Virus Transmission, Puerto Rico, 2016 - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Guillain-BarrĂ© Syndrome and Healthcare Needs during Zika Virus Transmission, Puerto Rico, 2016 - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Travel-Related Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Israel, 2006–2014 - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
During 2006–2014, four tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) cases occurred among Israeli travelers. We calculated TBE incidence at 321.0, 45.0, 13.2, and 7.5 cases/100,000 travelers/year of travel to Sweden, Switzerland, Austria, and Germany, respectively. TBE incidence among travelers to these destinations appears to justify TBE vaccination in accordance with World Health Organization recommendations.
Ahead of Print -Travel-Related Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Israel, 2006–2014 - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Travel-Related Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Israel, 2006–2014 - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Monday, October 17, 2016
Friday, October 14, 2016
Wednesday, October 12, 2016
Thursday, September 22, 2016
Ahead of Print -Human Brucellosis in Febrile Patients Seeking Treatment at Remote Hospitals, Northeastern Kenya, 2014–2015 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
During 2014–2015, patients in northeastern Kenya were assessed for brucellosis and characteristics that might help clinicians identify brucellosis. Among 146 confirmed brucellosis patients, 29 (20%) had negative serologic tests. No clinical feature was a good indicator of infection, which was associated with animal contact and drinking raw milk.
Ahead of Print -Human Brucellosis in Febrile Patients Seeking Treatment at Remote Hospitals, Northeastern Kenya, 2014–2015 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Human Brucellosis in Febrile Patients Seeking Treatment at Remote Hospitals, Northeastern Kenya, 2014–2015 - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Upsurge of Enterovirus D68, the Netherlands, 2016 - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
In June and July 2016, we identified 8 adults and 17 children with respiratory enterovirus D68 infections. Thirteen children required intensive care unit admission because of respiratory insufficiency, and 1 had concomitant acute flaccid myelitis. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all of 20 sequences obtained belong to the recently described clade B3.
Ahead of Print -Upsurge of Enterovirus D68, the Netherlands, 2016 - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Upsurge of Enterovirus D68, the Netherlands, 2016 - Volume 23, Number 1—January 2017 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Chan Zuckerberg Initiative will invest $3 billion to cure disease - Sep. 21, 2016
Pediatrician Dr. Priscilla Chan and her husband Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg are investing billions in making the world healthier.
In an emotional announcement in San Francisco on Wednesday, Chan said the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative will be investing $3 billion over 10 years to build tools to advance health care.
Chan Zuckerberg Initiative will invest $3 billion to cure disease - Sep. 21, 2016
In an emotional announcement in San Francisco on Wednesday, Chan said the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative will be investing $3 billion over 10 years to build tools to advance health care.
Chan Zuckerberg Initiative will invest $3 billion to cure disease - Sep. 21, 2016
Friday, September 16, 2016
Wednesday, September 14, 2016
Tempers flare as public protests spraying for Zika mosquitoes in South Beach | Miami Herald
A contentious debate over aerial insecticide spraying to knock down mosquitoes carrying Zika virus raged again Wednesday morning in Miami Beach.
Tempers flare as public protests spraying for Zika mosquitoes in South Beach | Miami Herald
Tempers flare as public protests spraying for Zika mosquitoes in South Beach | Miami Herald
Ahead of Print -Outbreaks of Human Salmonella Infections Associated with Live Poultry, United States, 1990–2014 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Backyard poultry flocks have increased in popularity concurrent with an increase in live poultry–associated salmonellosis (LPAS) outbreaks. Better understanding of practices that contribute to this emerging public health issue is needed. We reviewed outbreak reports to describe the epidemiology of LPAS outbreaks in the United States, examine changes in trends, and inform prevention campaigns. LPAS outbreaks were defined as ≥2 culture-confirmed human Salmonella infections linked to live poultry contact. Outbreak data were obtained through multiple databases and a literature review. During 1990–2014, a total of 53 LPAS outbreaks were documented, involving 2,630 illnesses, 387 hospitalizations, and 5 deaths. Median patient age was 9 years (range <1 to 92 years). Chick and duckling exposure were reported by 85% and 38% of case-patients, respectively. High-risk practices included keeping poultry inside households (46% of case-patients) and kissing birds (13%). Comprehensive One Health strategies are needed to prevent illnesses associated with live poultry.
Ahead of Print -Outbreaks of Human Salmonella Infections Associated with Live Poultry, United States, 1990–2014 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Outbreaks of Human Salmonella Infections Associated with Live Poultry, United States, 1990–2014 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Carbapenem Resistance in Clonally Distinct Clinical Strains of Vibrio fluvialis Isolated from Diarrheal Samples - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Carbapenems have been used for many years to treat severe nosocomial Enterobacteriaceae infections. The spread of resistance to these drugs among other bacterial families is an emerging problem worldwide, mostly caused by New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM-1). We screened for the prevalence of NDM-1–expressing enteric pathogens from hospitalized patients with acute diarrhea in Kolkata, India, and identified 27 Vibrio fluvialis–harboring blaNDM-1 (NDM-VF) strains. These isolates were also resistant to all the tested antimicrobial drugs except doxycycline. The large plasmid of V. fluvialis harboring blaNDM-1 could be easily transferred to other enteric pathogens. Genes flanking the blaNDM-1 were found to be identical to the reported sequence from an Escherichia coli isolate. Analyses showed that the V. fluvialis possessing the NDM-VF region belonged to different clones. The pathogenicity of V. fluvialis to humans and its ubiquitous presence in the environment call for constant monitoring of this species for emerging antimicrobial drug resistance.
Ahead of Print -Carbapenem Resistance in Clonally Distinct Clinical Strains of Vibrio fluvialis Isolated from Diarrheal Samples - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Carbapenem Resistance in Clonally Distinct Clinical Strains of Vibrio fluvialis Isolated from Diarrheal Samples - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Effect of Geography on the Analysis of Coccidioidomycosis-Associated Deaths, United States - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Because coccidioidomycosis death rates vary by region, we reanalyzed coccidioidomycosis-associated mortality in the United States by race/ethnicity, then limited analysis to Arizona and California. Coccidioidomycosis-associated deaths were shown to increase among African-Americans but decrease among Native Americans and Hispanics. Separately, in a Native American cohort, diabetes co-varied with coccidioidomycosis-associated death.
Ahead of Print -Effect of Geography on the Analysis of Coccidioidomycosis-Associated Deaths, United States - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Effect of Geography on the Analysis of Coccidioidomycosis-Associated Deaths, United States - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Cat-Scratch Disease in the United States, 2005–2013 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Cat-scratch disease (CSD) is mostly preventable. More information about the epidemiology and extent of CSD would help direct prevention efforts to those at highest risk. To gain such information, we reviewed the 2005–2013 MarketScan national health insurance claims databases and identified patients <65 years of age with an inpatient admission or outpatient visit that included a CSD code from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification. Incidence of CSD was highest among those who lived in the southern United States (6.4 cases/100,000 population) and among children 5–9 years of age (9.4 cases/100,000 population). Inpatients were significantly more likely than outpatients to be male and 50–64 years of age. We estimate that each year, 12,000 outpatients are given a CSD diagnosis and 500 inpatients are hospitalized for CSD. Prevention measures (e.g., flea control for cats) are particularly helpful in southern states and in households with children.
Ahead of Print -Cat-Scratch Disease in the United States, 2005–2013 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Cat-Scratch Disease in the United States, 2005–2013 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Friday, September 2, 2016
Ahead of Print -Whole-Genome Characterization and Strain Comparison of VT2f-Producing Escherichia coli Causing Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections in humans cause disease ranging from uncomplicated intestinal illnesses to bloody diarrhea and systemic sequelae, such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Previous research indicated that pigeons may be a reservoir for a population of verotoxigenic E. coli producing the VT2f variant. We used whole-genome sequencing to characterize a set of VT2f-producing E. coli strains from human patients with diarrhea or HUS and from healthy pigeons. We describe a phage conveying thevtx2f genes and provide evidence that the strains causing milder diarrheal disease may be transmitted to humans from pigeons. The strains causing HUS could derive from VT2f phage acquisition by E. coli strains with a virulence genes asset resembling that of typical HUS-associated verotoxigenic E. coli.
Ahead of Print -Whole-Genome Characterization and Strain Comparison of VT2f-Producing Escherichia coli Causing Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Whole-Genome Characterization and Strain Comparison of VT2f-Producing Escherichia coli Causing Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome - Volume 22, Number 12—December 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Thursday, September 1, 2016
Strawberries linked to hepatitis A outbreak in 6 states
Strawberries linked to hepatitis A outbreak in 6 states: An outbreak of hepatitis A caused by imported frozen strawberries from Egypt has sickened 55 people in six states, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said Wednesday. Health...
Wednesday, August 31, 2016
Approved tapeworm drug may offer babies protection from Zika
U.S. researchers have identified two groups of existing drug compounds that may protect against the devastating fetal effects of the Zika virus. One of those compounds, they detail in a study published Monday in the journal Nature Medicine, is already approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat tapeworm.
http://www.foxnews.com/health/2016/08/31/approved-tapeworm-drug-may-offer-babies-protection-from-zika.html
http://www.foxnews.com/health/2016/08/31/approved-tapeworm-drug-may-offer-babies-protection-from-zika.html
Tuesday, August 30, 2016
Ahead of Print -Accuracy of Diagnosis of Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis in China - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
In 2008, human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) was reported from China. However, the clinical and laboratory findings, including reports of nosocomial transmission, were inconsistent with those reported for HGA in the United States. In 2012, it was demonstrated that the patients described in the 2008 report had all been infected with a newly discovered bunyavirus, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus, which causes an illness with the same clinical features described for the patients in the 2008 report. This finding raises the question of HGA misdiagnosis in China and establishes the need for further studies to determine whether HGA occurs there.
Ahead of Print -Accuracy of Diagnosis of Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis in China - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Accuracy of Diagnosis of Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis in China - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Whole-Genome Characterization of Epidemic Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup C and Resurging Serogroup W, Niger, 2015 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
In 2015, Niger reported the largest epidemic of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C (NmC) meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa. The NmC epidemic coincided with serogroup W (NmW) cases during the epidemic season, resulting in a total of 9,367 meningococcal cases through June 2015. To clarify the phylogenetic association, genetic evolution, and antibiotic determinants of the meningococcal strains in Niger, we sequenced the genomes of 102 isolates from this epidemic, comprising 81 NmC and 21 NmW isolates. The genomes of 82 isolates were completed, and all 102 were included in the analysis. All NmC isolates had sequence type 10217, which caused the outbreaks in Nigeria during 2013–2014 and for which a clonal complex has not yet been defined. The NmC isolates from Niger were substantially different from other NmC isolates collected globally. All NmW isolates belonged to clonal complex 11 and were closely related to the isolates causing recent outbreaks in Africa.
Ahead of Print -Whole-Genome Characterization of Epidemic Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup C and Resurging Serogroup W, Niger, 2015 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Whole-Genome Characterization of Epidemic Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup C and Resurging Serogroup W, Niger, 2015 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Sporotrichosis-Associated Hospitalizations, United States, 2000–2013 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
To determine frequency and risk for sporotrichosis-associated hospitalizations, we analyzed the US 2000–2013 National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample. An estimated 1,471 hospitalizations occurred (average annual rate 0.35/1 million persons). Hospitalizations were associated with HIV/AIDS, immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Although rare, severe sporotrichosis should be considered for at-risk patients.
Ahead of Print -Sporotrichosis-Associated Hospitalizations, United States, 2000–2013 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Sporotrichosis-Associated Hospitalizations, United States, 2000–2013 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Population-Level Effects of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Programs on Infections with Nonvaccine Genotypes - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
We analyzed human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalences during prevaccination and postvaccination periods to consider possible changes in nonvaccine HPV genotypes after introduction of vaccines that confer protection against 2 high-risk types, HPV16 and HPV18. Our meta-analysis included 9 studies with data for 13,886 girls and women ≤19 years of age and 23,340 women 20–24 years of age. We found evidence of cross-protection for HPV31 among the younger age group after vaccine introduction but little evidence for reductions of HPV33 and HPV45. For the group this same age group, we also found slight increases in 2 nonvaccine high-risk HPV types (HPV39 and HPV52) and in 2 possible high-risk types (HPV53 and HPV73). However, results between age groups and vaccines used were inconsistent, and the increases had possible alternative explanations; consequently, these data provided no clear evidence for type replacement. Continued monitoring of these HPV genotypes is important.
Ahead of Print -Population-Level Effects of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Programs on Infections with Nonvaccine Genotypes - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Population-Level Effects of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Programs on Infections with Nonvaccine Genotypes - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Saturday, August 27, 2016
Ahead of Print -Early Growth and Neurologic Outcomes of Infants with Probable Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome - Volume 22, Number 11—November 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
We report the early growth and neurologic findings of 48 infants in Brazil diagnosed with probable congenital Zika virus syndrome and followed to age 1–8 months. Most of these infants had microcephaly (86.7%) and craniofacial disproportion (95.8%). The clinical pattern included poor head growth with increasingly negative z-scores, pyramidal/extrapyramidal symptoms, and epilepsy.
Ahead of Print -Early Growth and Neurologic Outcomes of Infants with Probable Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome - Volume 22, Number 11—November 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Early Growth and Neurologic Outcomes of Infants with Probable Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome - Volume 22, Number 11—November 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Mayaro Virus in Child with Acute Febrile Illness, Haiti, 2015 - Volume 22, Number 11—November 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Mayaro virus has been associated with small outbreaks in northern South America. We isolated this virus from a child with acute febrile illness in rural Haiti, confirming its role as a cause of mosquitoborne illness in the Caribbean region. The clinical presentation can mimic that of chikungunya, dengue, and Zika virus infections.
Ahead of Print -Mayaro Virus in Child with Acute Febrile Illness, Haiti, 2015 - Volume 22, Number 11—November 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Mayaro Virus in Child with Acute Febrile Illness, Haiti, 2015 - Volume 22, Number 11—November 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Thursday, August 25, 2016
NoroCORE: A Comprehensive Approach to a Near ‘Perfect’ Human Pathogen
From the USDA:
About 5 million Americans suffer from foodborne illness each year. (iStock photo)
Today’s guest blog features the USDA-NIFA Food Virology Collaborative (NoroCORE- Norovirus Collaborative for Outreach, Research, and Education), a food safety initiative with the ultimate goal to reduce the burden of foodborne disease associated with viruses, particularly noroviruses. Norovirus is the leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States accounting for around 5 million of the 21 million annual cases associated with contaminated foods. Cost of illness is estimated to be billions of dollars per year.
By Dr. Elizabeth Bradshaw, NoroCORE extension associate, and Dr. Lee-Ann Jaykus, NoroCORE scientific director
Even if you have not experienced a norovirus infection personally (consider yourself fortunate!), you probably know someone who has or have heard of an outbreak of the “stomach flu.” Most people know norovirus by its symptoms: a couple of memorable days of vomiting and diarrhea, sometimes with a fever and a headache.
These maladies are caused by 27-nanometer viruses—tiny, even by virus standards. The norovirus “bugs” are so good at infecting us that they have been called the “Perfect Human Pathogen.” It is so virulent that a person can become sick within a few hours of consuming as few as 20 virus particles. There are about 21 million cases per year in the United States alone, with about 800 deaths.
The NoroCORE team has taken up the challenge to understand and control food borne virus risks. Led by North Carolina State, NoroCORE is a multi-disciplinary collaborative of 30 researchers who are top scientists in the fields of basic, food and environmental virology from 25 universities. Their goal is to reduce the burden of foodborne illness associated with viruses. NIFA supports the project with a $25 million Agriculture and Food Research Initiative grant.
NoroCORE’s six primary objectives are molecular virology, detection, epidemiology and risk analysis; prevention and control; extension and outreach; and education and capacity building. Collaborators work with each other, often across institutions and disciplines, which leads to the development of better tools and skills as well as shared resources and knowledge.
NoroCORE also has a massive outreach component with input from more than 200 stakeholders that includes members of government and public health agencies, food production and safety groups, restaurant and cruise line industries, manufacturers of sanitation and hygiene products, testing laboratories, and a variety of commodity and trade organizations. This was an integral part of NoroCORE’s design to ensure that the research being done is immediately applicable to real-world needs. Education is also a component of NoroCORE because knowledge must be shared to be useful.
NIFA invests in and advances agricultural research, education and extension and seeks to make transformative discoveries that solve societal challenges.
Ahead of Print -Global Capacity for Emerging Infectious Disease Detection, 1996–2014 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
The speed with which disease outbreaks are recognized is critical for establishing effective control efforts. We evaluate global improvements in the timeliness of outbreak discovery and communication during 2010–2014 as a follow-up to a 2010 report. For all outbreaks reported by the World Health Organization’s Disease Outbreak News, we estimate the number of days from first symptoms until outbreak discovery and until first public communication. We report median discovery and communication delays overall, by region, and by Human Development Index (HDI) quartile. We use Cox proportional hazards regression to assess changes in these 2 outcomes over time, along with Loess curves for visualization. Improvement since 1996 was greatest in the Eastern Mediterranean and Western Pacific regions and in countries in the middle HDI quartiles. However, little progress has occurred since 2010. Further improvements in surveillance will likely require additional international collaboration with a focus on regions of low or unstable HDI.
Ahead of Print -Global Capacity for Emerging Infectious Disease Detection, 1996–2014 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Global Capacity for Emerging Infectious Disease Detection, 1996–2014 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Estimation of Severe Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Cases in the Middle East, 2012–2016 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Most Middle East respiratory syndrome caseshave been recorded in the Middle East. Using data from travelers to this region, we estimated 3,250 (95% CI 1,300–6,600) severe MERS cases occurred in the Middle East during September 2012–January 2016, which is 2.3-fold higher than the number of laboratory-confirmed cases recorded in these countries.
Ahead of Print -Estimation of Severe Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Cases in the Middle East, 2012–2016 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Estimation of Severe Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Cases in the Middle East, 2012–2016 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Community- and Healthcare-Associated Clostridium difficile Infections, Finland, 2008−20131 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
We evaluated incidence, case-fatality rate, and trends of community-associated (CA) and healthcare-associated (HA) Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs) in Finland during 2008–2013. CDIs were identified in the National Infectious Disease Register, deaths in the National Population Information System, hospitalizations to classify infections as CA or HA in the National Hospital Discharge Register, and genotypes in a reference laboratory. A total of 32,991 CDIs were identified: 10,643 (32.3%) were CA (32.9 cases/100,000 population) and 22,348 (67.7%) HA (69.1/100,000). Overall annual incidence decreased from 118.7/100,000 in 2008 to 92.1/100,000 in 2013, which was caused by reduction in HA-CDI rates (average annual decrease 8.1%; p<0.001). The 30-day case-fatality rate was lower for CA-CDIs than for HA-CDIs (3.2% vs. 13.3%; p<0.001). PCR ribotypes 027 and 001 were more common in HA-CDIs than in CA-CDIs. Although the HA-CDI incidence rate decreased, which was probably caused by increased awareness and improved infection control, the CA-CDI rate increased.
Ahead of Print -Community- and Healthcare-Associated Clostridium difficile Infections, Finland, 2008−20131 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Community- and Healthcare-Associated Clostridium difficile Infections, Finland, 2008−20131 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Daily Reportable Disease Spatiotemporal Cluster Detection, New York City, New York, USA, 2014–2015 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Each day, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene uses the free SaTScan software to apply prospective space–time permutation scan statistics to strengthen early outbreak detection for 35 reportable diseases. This method prompted early detection of outbreaks of community-acquired legionellosis and shigellosis.
Ahead of Print -Daily Reportable Disease Spatiotemporal Cluster Detection, New York City, New York, USA, 2014–2015 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Daily Reportable Disease Spatiotemporal Cluster Detection, New York City, New York, USA, 2014–2015 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Hypervirulent Clone of Group B Streptococcus Serotype III Sequence Type 283, Hong Kong, 1993–2012 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
We describe a hypervirulent clone of group B Streptococcus serotype III, subtype 4, sequence type 283, that caused invasive disease with a predilection for meningitis in Hong Kong during 1993–2012. The organism is associated with high mortality and increased summer prevalence and is linked to diseased fish from freshwater fish farms.
Ahead of Print -Hypervirulent Clone of Group B Streptococcus Serotype III Sequence Type 283, Hong Kong, 1993–2012 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Hypervirulent Clone of Group B Streptococcus Serotype III Sequence Type 283, Hong Kong, 1993–2012 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Wednesday, August 24, 2016
Ahead of Print -Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 Capsule In Vivo - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Many Streptococcus suis isolates from porcine endocarditis in slaughterhouses have lost their capsule and are considered avirulent. However, we retrieved capsule- and virulence-recovered S. suis after in vivo passages of a nonencapsulated strain in mice, suggesting that nonencapsulated S. suis are still potentially hazardous for persons in the swine industry.
Ahead of Print -Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 Capsule In Vivo - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 Capsule In Vivo - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses and Children with Primary Immunodeficiency, Iran, 1995–2014 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Widespread use of oral poliovirus vaccine has led to an ≈99.9% decrease in global incidence of poliomyelitis (from ≈350,000 cases in 1988 to 74 cases in 2015) and eradication of wild-type poliovirus serotypes 2 and 3. However, patients with primary immunodeficiency might shed vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) for an extended period, which could pose a major threat to polio eradication programs. Since 1995, sixteen VDPV populations have been isolated from 14 patients with immunodeficiency in Iran. For these patients, vaccine-associated paralysis, mostly in >1 extremity, was the first manifestation of primary immunodeficiency. Seven patients with humoral immunodeficiency cleared VDPV infection more frequently than did 6 patients with combined immunodeficiencies. Our results raise questions about manifestations of VDPVs in immunodeficient patients and the role of cellular immunity against enterovirus infections. On the basis of an association between VDPVs and immunodeficiency, we advocate screening of patients with primary immunodeficiency for shedding of polioviruses.
Ahead of Print -Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses and Children with Primary Immunodeficiency, Iran, 1995–2014 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses and Children with Primary Immunodeficiency, Iran, 1995–2014 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Increase in Meningococcal Serogroup W Disease, Victoria, Australia, 2013–2015 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
In Victoria, Australia, invasive meningococcal disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W increased from 4% of all cases in 2013 to 30% in 2015. This increase resulted largely from strains similar to those in the serogroup W sequence type 11 clonal complex, previously described in the United Kingdom and South America.
Ahead of Print -Increase in Meningococcal Serogroup W Disease, Victoria, Australia, 2013–2015 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Increase in Meningococcal Serogroup W Disease, Victoria, Australia, 2013–2015 - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Guinea Worm (Dracunculus medinensis) Infection in a Wild-Caught Frog, Chad - Volume 22, Number 11—November 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
A third-stage (infective) larva of Dracunculus medinensis, the causative agent of Guinea worm disease, was recovered from a wild-caught Phrynobatrachus francisci frog in Chad. Although green frogs (Lithobates clamitans) have been experimentally infected with D. medinensis worms, our findings prove that frogs can serve as natural paratenic hosts.
Ahead of Print -Guinea Worm (Dracunculus medinensis) Infection in a Wild-Caught Frog, Chad - Volume 22, Number 11—November 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Guinea Worm (Dracunculus medinensis) Infection in a Wild-Caught Frog, Chad - Volume 22, Number 11—November 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Tuesday, August 23, 2016
Monday, August 22, 2016
Thursday, August 11, 2016
Ahead of Print -Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Doxycycline Efficacy for Rectal Lymphogranuloma Venereum in Men Who Have Sex with Men - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Rectal lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) has reemerged as a sexually transmitted infection among men who have sex with men (MSM), particularly those who are HIV-positive. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the efficacy of doxycycline (100 mg 2×/d for 21 days) for rectal LGV in MSM. Nine studies were included: 4 prospective, 4 retrospective, and 1 combined retrospective and prospective. In total, 282 MSM with rectal LGV were included in the studies. All studies reported using nucleic acid amplification tests to assess microbial cure. Most patients (>80%) had symptomatic rectal infection. The fixed-effects pooled efficacy for doxycycline was 98.5% (95% CI 96.3%–100%, I2 = 0%; p = 0.993). Doxycycline at 100 mg twice daily for 21 days demonstrated a high microbial cure rate. These data support doxycycline at this dosage and duration as first-line therapy for rectal LGV in MSM.
Ahead of Print -Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Doxycycline Efficacy for Rectal Lymphogranuloma Venereum in Men Who Have Sex with Men - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Doxycycline Efficacy for Rectal Lymphogranuloma Venereum in Men Who Have Sex with Men - Volume 22, Number 10—October 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Elevated Risk for Antimicrobial Drug–Resistant Shigella Infection among Men Who Have Sex with Men, United States, 2011–2015 - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Shigella spp. cause ≈500,000 illnesses in the United States annually, and resistance to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and azithromycin is emerging. We investigated associations between transmission route and antimicrobial resistance among US shigellosis clusters reported during 2011–2015. Of 32 clusters, 9 were caused by shigellae resistant to ciprofloxacin (3 clusters), ceftriaxone (2 clusters), or azithromycin (7 clusters); 3 clusters were resistant to >1 of these drugs. We observed resistance to any of these drugs in all 7 clusters among men who have sex with men (MSM) but in only 2 of the other 25 clusters (p<0.001). Azithromycin resistance was more common among MSM-associated clusters than other clusters (86% vs. 4% of clusters; p<0.001). For adults with suspected shigellosis, clinicians should culture feces; obtain sex histories; discuss shigellosis prevention; and choose treatment, when needed, according to antimicrobial drug susceptibility. Public health interviews for enteric illnesses should encompass sex practices; health messaging for MSM must include shigellosis prevention.
Ahead of Print -Elevated Risk for Antimicrobial Drug–Resistant Shigella Infection among Men Who Have Sex with Men, United States, 2011–2015 - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Elevated Risk for Antimicrobial Drug–Resistant Shigella Infection among Men Who Have Sex with Men, United States, 2011–2015 - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Persistent Bacillus cereus Bacteremia in 3 Persons who Inject Drugs, San Diego, California, USA - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Bacillus cereus is typically considered a blood culture contaminant; however, its presence in blood cultures can indicate true bacteremia. We report 4 episodes of B. cereus bacteremia in 3 persons who inject drugs. Multilocus sequence typing showed that the temporally associated infections were caused by unrelated clones.
Ahead of Print -Persistent Bacillus cereus Bacteremia in 3 Persons who Inject Drugs, San Diego, California, USA - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Persistent Bacillus cereus Bacteremia in 3 Persons who Inject Drugs, San Diego, California, USA - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Reduction of Healthcare-Associated Infections by Exceeding High Compliance with Hand Hygiene Practices - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Improving hand hygiene from high to very high compliance has not been documented to decrease healthcare-associated infections. We conducted longitudinal analyses during 2013–2015 in an 853-bed hospital and observed a significantly increased hand hygiene compliance rate (p<0.001) and a significantly decreased healthcare-associated infection rate (p = 0.0066).
Ahead of Print -Reduction of Healthcare-Associated Infections by Exceeding High Compliance with Hand Hygiene Practices - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Reduction of Healthcare-Associated Infections by Exceeding High Compliance with Hand Hygiene Practices - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Borrelia miyamotoi–Associated Neuroborreliosis in Immunocompromised Persons - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Borrelia miyamotoi is a newly recognized human pathogen in the relapsing fever group of spirochetes. We investigated a case of B. miyamotoi infection of the central nervous system resembling B. burgdorferi–induced Lyme neuroborreliosis and determined that this emergent agent of central nervous system infection can be diagnosed with existing methods.
Ahead of Print -Borrelia miyamotoi–Associated Neuroborreliosis in Immunocompromised Persons - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Borrelia miyamotoi–Associated Neuroborreliosis in Immunocompromised Persons - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Wednesday, August 10, 2016
Friday, August 5, 2016
Ahead of Print -Ebola Virus Disease, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2014 - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
During July–November 2014, the Democratic Republic of the Congo underwent its seventh Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak. The etiologic agent was Zaire Ebola virus; 66 cases were reported (overall case-fatality rate 74.2%). Through a retrospective observational study of confirmed EVD in 25 patients admitted to either of 2 Ebola treatment centers, we described clinical features and investigated correlates associated with death. Clinical features were mainly generic. At admission, 76% of patients had >1 gastrointestinal symptom and 28% >1hemorrhagic symptom. The case-fatality rate in this group was 48% and was higher for female patients (67%). Cox regression analysis correlated death with initial low cycle threshold, indicating high viral load. Cycle threshold was a robust predictor of death, as were fever, hiccups, diarrhea, dyspnea, dehydration, disorientation, hematemesis, bloody feces during hospitalization, and anorexia in recent medical history. Differences from other outbreaks could suggest guidance for optimizing clinical management and disease control.
Ahead of Print -Ebola Virus Disease, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2014 - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Ahead of Print -Ebola Virus Disease, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2014 - Volume 22, Number 9—September 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
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